She found when nurses engaged in various situations, and learned from them, they developed “skills of involvement” with patients and family. Benner found similar parallels in nursing, where improved practice depended on experience and science, and developing those skills was a long and progressive process. The Dreyfus brothers believed learning was experiential (learning through experience) as well as situation-based, and that a student had to pass through five very distinct stages in learning, from novice to expert.ĭr. The Dreyfus model, described by brothers Stuart and Hubert Dreyfus, is a model based on observations of chess players, Air Force pilots, army commanders and tank drivers. She used the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition as a foundation for her work. Benner’s theory is not focused on how to be a nurse, rather on how nurses acquire nursing knowledge – one could gain knowledge and skills (“knowing how”), without ever learning the theory (“knowing that”). This nursing theory proposes that expert nurses develop skills and understanding of patient care over time through a proper educational background as well as a multitude of experiences. Benner is an internationally known lecturer and researcher on health, and her work has influenced areas of clinical practice as well as clinical ethics. After completing her doctorate in 1982, she became an Associate Professor in the Department of Physiological Nursing at the University of California, San Francisco. Patricia Benner was born in Hampton, Virginia, and received her bachelor’s degree in Nursing from Pasadena College in 1964, and later a master’s degree in Medical-Surgical Nursing from the University of California, Berkeley. She is the Chief Faculty Development Officer for Educating Nurses, the Director of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching National Nursing Education and honorary fellow of the Royal College of Nursing. Her model is one of the most useful frameworks for assessing nurses’ needs at different stages of professional growth. Patricia Benner is a nursing theorist who first developed a model for the stages of clinical competence in her classic book “From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice”.
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